Diabetes Care Community

Tag: insulin

  • Once-weekly insulin: a new option for Canadians with diabetes

    Once-weekly insulin: a new option for Canadians with diabetes

    [vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]Diabetes affects millions of people in Canada, and insulin therapy is often a central component of its management. However, the need for daily or multiple daily insulin injections can be burdensome, often leading to poor adherence. In response, a promising new treatment has been introduced: a once-weekly insulin injection, offering a more convenient alternative for individuals living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont1′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]

    What type of insulin is once-weekly?

    The once-weekly insulin formulation, known as insulin icodec and sold under the brand name Awiqli®, was approved in Canada in March 2024 for adults with diabetes. This ultra-long-acting basal insulin is designed to regulate blood sugar over 7 days. Unlike daily injections, insulin icodec provides consistent blood sugar control throughout the week due to its slow absorption, eliminating the need for daily dosing.

    4 benefits of once-weekly insulin

    1. Convenience: One of the most significant advantages of insulin icodec is its convenience. Insulin can now be injected just once a week, which simplifies the diabetes management routine. This may help with consistency of treatment plans, ultimately improving health outcomes.

    2. Reduced injection site issues: Fewer injections reduce the risk of common side effects associated with insulin therapy, such as irritation, bruising or scar tissue at the injection site (this is known as lipohypertrophy). This can result in decreased blood sugar variability, better skin health and a more comfortable injection experience over time.

    3. Improved quality of life: For many people, frequent injections cause psychological stress or needle anxiety. The once-weekly regimen alleviates some of these emotional burdens, enhancing quality of life and making it easier to adhere to treatment plans.[/vc_column_text][read-also-article article-slug=”how-to-overcome-the-fear-of-giving-yourself-an-insulin-injection/”][vc_column_text css=””]4. Comparable or superior blood sugar control: Insulin icodec provides a more stable and prolonged insulin effect, helping to maintain smoother blood sugar levels over time. This can reduce fluctuations in blood sugar and contribute to better long-term diabetes management.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont2′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]

    Challenges and considerations

    While once-weekly insulin offers many benefits, there are still challenges to consider. Individuals using insulin icodec, as well as healthcare providers, will need time to adapt to the new dosing schedule. As with all insulins, proper education regarding administration is essential.

    Additionally, insulin icodec may cause side effects, including a rare risk of hypoglycemia, particularly in the early days of the dosing cycle (days 2 to 4). Therefore, insulin icodec is not recommended for people with hypoglycemia unawareness. Close monitoring of blood sugar remains crucial to ensure its effectiveness.

    While clinical trials have yielded promising results, the long-term, real-world effects of this treatment are still being studied. Cost may vary depending on insurance coverage, but public and private insurance plans are expected to include insulin icodec as it becomes more widely available.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont3′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]

    Dosing

    The recommended starting dose of insulin icodec for type 2 diabetes is 70 units once a week, administered on the same day each week. When switching from other long-acting insulins, it’s important to consult with a healthcare provider for proper dose conversion. The titration guide allows for adjustments based on pre-breakfast blood sugar values on the 2 days before and on the day of their next injection, with dose changes in 10-unit increments.

    The once-weekly insulin option represents a significant advancement in diabetes care. By offering increased convenience, improved adherence and potentially better blood sugar control, insulin icodec stands to enhance the lives of people with diabetes. With proper education and monitoring, this treatment promises to simplify diabetes management and provide a more effective solution for adults with the condition.[/vc_column_text][read-also-article article-slug=”insulin-fit-diabetes-treatment/”][/vc_column][/vc_row]

  • Hypoglycemia? Variation in amount, timing, and digestion rate of carbs may be the clue.

    Hypoglycemia? Variation in amount, timing, and digestion rate of carbs may be the clue.

    [vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]If you live with diabetes, it comes as no surprise that hypoglycemia (or low blood glucose) presents a serious threat to a person’s physical health. The fear of experiencing hypoglycemia can also affect emotional well-being, often leading people toward the opposite end of the spectrum – maintaining high blood glucose levels to avoid the physical discomfort or potential embarrassment of hypoglycemia in social settings.

    Other authors on this website have provided an in-depth look at the physiology, signs and symptoms, recommended treatment and the relationship between physical activity and hypoglycemia. As a registered dietitian, my focus will be on the food-related reasons for hypoglycemia, and how to work with food choices to prevent it.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont1′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]

    What are the food-related causes for low blood sugar?

    For some people living with diabetes, trying to figure out why they experience low blood glucose is much like trying to solve a mystery. There are many possible causes, including variation in carbohydrate intake, spacing and timing of meals, and the rate of food digestion.

    Of all food consumed, carbohydrate has the most influence on blood glucose levels, as it converts into blood glucose fairly rapidly. If carbohydrate intake varies (that is, less than what is needed to cover the amount of insulin or medication at a specific time), hypoglycemia results. So the digestion rate of carbs could have an impact.

    A person who is matching insulin doses to carbohydrate intake needs to be sure that their carbohydrate counting skills are sharp and that they measure food portions. Many of my patients think they know how much of a food they are consuming and are often surprised to see how inaccurate their estimation is, when they actually measure the portion.

    The person with diabetes taking fixed doses of mealtime insulin or sulfonylurea oral medication (stimulating insulin production throughout the day) must be diligently consistent with their carbohydrate intake at each meal from day to day. There is no room to skip or delay meals as the medication will continue to work regardless of food intake.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont2′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]Variation in the digestion time of foods may lead to hypoglycemia in persons taking rapid insulin with meals. Foods with a low glycemic index value (such as oatmeal, lentils, and sweet potato) usually take longer to digest. Taking a full dose of rapid-acting insulin before a meal containing these foods may mean the insulin will be most active long before the blood glucose rises, resulting in hypoglycemia. There are other instances when insulin’s action needs to be prolonged to prevent hypoglycemia. For example, when consuming a holiday meal over an extended period of time or when eating a large amount of pizza (high fat content delaying digestion), taking part of the insulin before eating and the remainder later may help prevent hypoglycemia. A person with gastroparesis (a nerve condition that causes the stomach to empty more slowly than usual) may also benefit from extending or delaying mealtime insulin. It is advisable to work with a diabetes educator to learn about extending or delaying insulin delivery for the prevention of hypoglycemia.

    Alcoholic beverages have a tendency to make blood glucose drop. To learn more about how to prevent hypoglycemia when drinking alcohol, see my article Alcohol consumption for people with diabetes.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont3′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]

    How can you manage low blood sugars?

    It is helpful for the person with diabetes to take a good look at their glucose monitoring to look for patterns in blood glucose. If too many lows consistently appear at a particular time of day, something needs to be done something about it. Perhaps there is a need to reduce or change diabetes medication type or dose – or maybe their carbohydrate intake at a particular meal needs to be adjusted. A single low blood glucose event can be caused by many things, but a pattern of lows indicates a problem that needs to addressed by diet or medication adjustment.[/vc_column_text][vc_message css=””]Looking for a printable carb chart? Click here.[/vc_message][read-also-article article-slug=”updated-guidelines-for-managing-low-blood-sugar-hypoglycemia”][/vc_column][/vc_row]

  • Managing insulin across changing time zones

    Managing insulin across changing time zones

    [vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]Your flight is booked, and your trip awaits. But before you start your packing list, you should be planning for how you will treat your diabetes while you are away. To learn about managing insulin across changing time zones, it is best to see your healthcare team, with your itinerary and current dosing schedule, at least a month before you leave. The first thing you need to do is make sure your diabetes is under control before your departure. You should also wear identification, such as MedicAlert®, to let others know that you have diabetes in case of an emergency.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont1′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]

    Be prepared for changes in food and activity

    Travel usually involves a big change from your everyday routine. Meals can be erratic and physical activity can be unpredictable. You may be fairly inactive on a long flight or road trip, or you may find that your activity is increased. Extra activity may increase your risk for low blood sugar or hypoglycemic events. Conversely, long travel days in the sun can cause dehydration, which can increase the potential for high blood glucose levels and other diabetic emergencies.

    Overall, it is important to check your blood sugar more frequently than you would at home when you’re travelling (i.e. every four to six hours, and if you feel any symptoms of low blood sugar). You may also want to consider getting a continuous glucose monitor. If you are doing more physical activity than you would during your regular routine (walking, biking, hiking), pack extra snacks and medication in case of blood sugar fluctuations. Be prepared with a form of sugar, such as glucose tablets or Life Savers®, to treat mild to moderate lows. Bring a glucagon injection or nasal spray for severe lows, and ensure that the person travelling with you has been trained to administer glucagon before you leave.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont2′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]

    Managing changes in time zones

    If you are crossing three or fewer time zones, insulin adjustment will most likely not be necessary. However, if you will be travelling across more than three time zones, there are a couple of general guidelines to follow. First, it is best if you are on a basal-bolus regimen or pump therapy, as opposed to premixed insulin, as this allows for more flexibility in your dosing. These types of changes to your treatment should be made a few weeks in advance of your trip, so that you can be sure your blood glucose levels are stable prior to departure. Always dose for meals and snacks with rapid-acting insulins (for example, NovoRapid® or Humalog®), as you would at home.

    Managing insulin across changing time zones when heading EAST

    If you are travelling east, this will shorten your day, and you will require less of your basal insulin. Once you have started your travels, give a reduced dose of your long-acting insulin at the usual time, which should be calculated by your healthcare team. After this dose, change your watch to the destination time and give your next dose of insulin at your usual time with your usual dose in the new time zone (for example, if you usually take insulin at 10:00 pm Toronto time, take your insulin at 10:00 pm according to your new time zone). This dose should be your usual number of units.

    Managing insulin across changing time zones when heading WEST 

    If you are travelling west, this means your travel day will be longer. You will need more insulin and extra meals on the travel day. For example, if you are travelling west from Europe to Canada, you may gain about seven extra hours in time. When you arrive in Canada, you should have an extra meal, and you will then require an extra dose of rapid-acting insulin. This will last between four and six hours, and will assist with blood sugar control for the remainder of that day. You can then return to your usual routine, according to the time at your destination.[/vc_column_text][read-also-article article-slug=”tips-travelling-type-1-diabetes/”][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont3′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]

    Travelling across time zones with an insulin pump

    If you are on pump therapy, not much needs to be changed. It is advisable not to change the time on the pump until you land in your new time zone. The safest plan on travel day is to keep your blood sugar a little higher than normal to avoid the risk of hypoglycemia. Also, as a backup, carry supplies of long-acting and rapid-acting insulin in case of technical difficulties or pump malfunction.

    It is a good idea to discuss your plans with your healthcare team for specific advice and to learn how to troubleshoot if your travels do not go according to plan. Also, bring duplicate supplies to ensure that you are ready for the unexpected.

    Remember, diabetes does not need to get in the way of your travel plans. With a little advance planning and help from your healthcare team, you can keep your diabetes under control and make the most of your vacation! To learn more tips, check out 6 things you should know about travelling with diabetes.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row]

  • How to overcome the fear of giving yourself an insulin injection

    How to overcome the fear of giving yourself an insulin injection

    [vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Yearly flu shots, immunizations and injections are common situations that awaken needle fears. Some people report being worried about or frightened of receiving an annual needle. However, it is much more challenging to give yourself insulin injections as part of your daily diabetes management. This expert blog will discuss how to overcome fear of insulin injection.

    What is needle phobia?

    When the fear of self-administering insulin injections becomes intense, it is known as needle phobia. A phobia is a strong fear of something to the point that a person actively avoids the situation. No need to be ashamed, needle phobia affects up to 10% of people with diabetes.

    What are the clues that you might have needle phobia?

    Some common signs and symptoms of needle phobia include:

    • You experience lightheadedness, shortness of breath, shallow breathing or a faster heart rate when injecting a needle. These symptoms may start when you are just thinking about injecting insulin.
    • You avoid injecting insulin on a daily basis because of fearful thoughts or worry.
    • Injecting insulin is the most anxious or stress-inducing part of your day. 

    Creating a fear ladder for insulin injections

    The best treatment for needle phobia is exposure therapy, which involves systematic desensitization. Using this method, you slowly expose yourself to small fears, such as seeing a picture of a needle, watching someone else injecting insulin, or touching a needle. Slowly, as you learn to tolerate one level of fear, you move on to conquer the next level of fear. This allows you to deal with your needle phobia in bite-sized amounts. Eventually you will end up injecting yourself with insulin.

    Steps for creating a fear ladder

    Start by making a list of scary steps leading up to giving an actual insulin injection. Here is a potential list:

    • Seeing a picture of a needle
    • Seeing a picture of someone getting an injection
    • Watching a video of someone injecting insulin on YouTube
    • Seeing a needle
    • Holding a needle
    • Touching a needle
    • Injecting an orange with a needle
    • Having a diabetes educator give you an injection
    • Injecting yourself with a needle

    Look at the list above and circle the ones that cause you anxiety. Add to the list any other anxiety-causing behaviours not listed. Now rank each of the examples above with a score of 0 to 10, with 10 being the most frightening and 0 the least frightening.

    Put the number one fear with the highest score at the top of a ladder and your lowest-scored fear at the bottom. Start by doing the lowest fear that has a score of at least 3/10. Pick six examples from the list and eventually try the 10/10, i.e. giving an insulin injection.

    Learning to lower your anxiety with slowed breathing

    Needle phobia awakens your body’s fear response. Your heart races, your breathing becomes shallow and you might become dizzy or lightheaded. A great strategy to calm yourself is to take slow, deep breaths. You can put your hands on your belly and focus your attention on your hands moving up and down with each breath. As your mind wanders, simply bring your attention back to your hands on your belly. You can find many more breathing strategies (e.g. box breathing, diaphragmatic breathing and 4-7-8 breathing) at YouTube.

    Fear of insulin injection: putting it all together

    • Step One: Choose the lowest fear on your fear ladder.
    • Step Two: Begin to do slow, deep breathing exercises.
    • Step Three: Perform the lowest-feared step on your list. For example, watch an online video of someone injecting insulin.
    • Step Four: Continue to sit with the lowest fear on your list, until the fear rises, peaks and then fades again. Stay with imagining or watching it until the fear fades. It may rise and fall a few times.
    • Step Five: Once your anxiety has eased on the lowest fear and you have conquered this step, move on to the next-highest fear on your list.

    Helpful tips

    • Many pharmacists are very comfortable with needle techniques and can show you how to inject your insulin.
    • If you don’t want to see the needle at all, an insulin pen may be a great way to dial the dose and inject your insulin.
    • Sometimes, your skin can be sensitive to the injection: apply a little ice or a cold spoon from the freezer to the injection site to help to numb the site.
    • The more you inject the easier it gets, so practice, practice, practice!

    [/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_message]You may also want to check out our video – Insulin: nothing to fear.[/vc_message][/vc_column][/vc_row]

  • An introduction to key diabetes terms and what they mean

    An introduction to key diabetes terms and what they mean

    [vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]If you have diabetes, no doubt you’ve heard some key diabetes terms that keep cropping up in reading materials and in conversations with your healthcare providers. Here are some of the most common ones and what they mean, so you’ll always be in the loop.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont1′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]

    A

    A1C (Hemoglobin A1C)

    An A1C blood test gives a picture of average blood glucose control over the previous 2 to 3 months. It is often used to diagnose type 1 and type 2 diabetes and helps assess diabetes management. Regular A1C testing is essential for tracking long-term blood sugar levels and making sure blood sugar levels are within a target range.

    Learn more about A1C.

    ABCDESSS’s

    A helpful way to remember key aspects of diabetes management in order to reduce cardiovascular disease:

    • A: A1C control
    • B: Blood pressure control
    • C: Cholesterol levels
    • D: Drugs to protect the heart
    • E: Exercise and healthy eating
    • S: Self-management support
    • S: Screening for complications
    • S: Stop smoking

    Learn more about the ABCDESSS to prevent a heart attack or stroke. 

    Acanthosis nigricans

    A skin condition characterized by darkened skin patches usually found in areas with skin folds, such as the neck, armpit and groin, and sometimes the elbows and knees. It is more common in people with diabetes, specifically those who have insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes).

    Learn more about acanthosis nigricans

    Albumin 

    A protein found in the urine. High levels in the urine can indicate kidney disease, a complication of diabetes.

    Atherosclerosis

    Clogging, narrowing, and hardening of the body’s large arteries and medium-sized blood vessels. Atherosclerosis can lead to stroke, heart attack, eye problems, and kidney problems.

    Autoimmune disease

    A disorder where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own body tissue that it believes to be foreign. Type 1 diabetes and type 1.5 diabetes are autoimmune conditions.

    B

    Basal insulin

    Basal insulin is a long-acting insulin that helps control blood sugar levels throughout the day and night by providing a steady, low level of insulin. It is used to manage blood glucose between meals and overnight, mimicking the body’s natural insulin release.

    Beta cells

    Beta cells are specialized cells in the pancreas that produce and release insulin, a hormone crucial for regulating blood sugar levels.

    Blood Glucose (Blood Sugar)

    The main sugar in the blood and the body’s primary source of energy. Maintaining target blood glucose levels helps prevent complications such as hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).

    Blood Glucose Meter

    A portable device used to measure how much sugar is in your blood at any given time. Generally, these meters come with a lancing device that is used to draw a drop of your blood to put on a test strip that is read by the device.

    Read more about home blood glucose meters.

    Blood Glucose Level Targets

    The blood glucose level range recommended by a diabetes healthcare professional for successful diabetes management. Regular checking helps people with diabetes stay within target blood glucose levels

    Blood Pressure

    The force of blood against artery walls, reported as two numbers (systolic/diastolic). People with diabetes often have high blood pressure, increasing the risk of complications.

    Learn more about diabetes and high blood pressure.

    Body Mass Index (BMI)

    A calculation used to determine whether an individual is at a healthy weight for their height. Maintaining a healthy BMI is important in diabetes management.

    Learn about the pros and cons of using Body Mass Index.

    Bolus insulin

    Bolus insulin is a fast-acting insulin taken at mealtime to help manage blood sugar spikes caused by food intake. It is designed to mimic the body’s natural insulin response to meals and is typically used in combination with basal (long-acting) insulin for comprehensive blood glucose control.

    Brittle Diabetes

    A condition where blood sugar levels are especially hard to control and is characterized by frequent and severe swings in blood sugar levels, mainly in people with type 1 diabetes, although it is rare within this group.

    Learn more about brittle diabetes

    C

    Carbohydrates

    A food nutrient that has a greater effect on blood sugar than other types of food. Carbohydrates are found in starches, vegetables, some dairy products, fruits and sugars.

    Learn more about carbohydrates.

    Carb counting

    Carb counting keeps track of carbohydrates in food that is eaten during a meal and over the course of a day. It is often used to determine how much insulin is required for the amount eaten.

    Learn more about carb counting.

    Cardiovascular Disease

    Problems with the heart and blood vessels.

    Certified Diabetes Educator (CDE)

    A healthcare professional who obtains additional skills and knowledge to educate people about their diabetes management.

    Cholesterol

    A fat found in the blood. It is produced by the liver and is also found in some foods. Good cholesterol control is crucial in the ABCDESSS of diabetes care.

    Continuous Glucose Monitor

    A continuous glucose monitor (CGM) is a wearable device that tracks glucose levels in real-time throughout the day and night, offering insights into trends and patterns without the need for frequent finger-prick tests. It helps people with diabetes manage their blood sugar levels more effectively by alerting them to high and low glucose levels instantly.

    Learn more about continuous glucose monitoring.

    Creatinine

    A waste product that is removed from the body by the kidneys. In kidney disease, the level of creatinine rises.

    D

    Diabetes Complications

    Harmful effects of diabetes, including damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, nervous system, kidneys, teeth and gums, and feet. Careful diabetes management can help to delay or prevent complications.

    Learn more about diabetes complications.

    Diabetes Distress

    This condition has been described as the long-term sadness and emotional turmoil related to having diabetes. The distress can manifest in a number of ways, including feeling emotionally burdened by the disease, thinking that family or friends are not supportive, worrying about future complications of diabetes, or sensing that the diabetes healthcare team is not available or helpful. While it is normal to experience some stress, when the level of stress becomes overwhelming it is important to have an action plan ready.

    Learn more about diabetes distress.

    Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

    A life-threatening emergency caused by very high blood glucose levels and lack of insulin. The body starts breaking down fat for energy, producing harmful ketones that accumulate in the blood.

    Learn more about diabetic ketoacidosis.

    DPP-4 Inhibitors

    Medications, such as alogliptin (Nesina®), linagliptin (Trajenta®), saxagliptin (Onglyza®) and sitagliptin (Januvia®), block the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4, which increases the levels of incretin hormones, helping to stimulate insulin release and reduce blood glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes.

    E

    Edema

    Swelling caused by excess fluid in the body.

    Empowerment

    Patient empowerment is defined as helping patients make informed decisions to take responsibility for their own life.

    Endocrine Glands

    These are the body’s main producer of hormones. The islets in the pancreas are the endocrine glands that release insulin into the blood.

    Endocrinologist

    A medical specialist who focuses on endocrine gland conditions, such as diabetes.

    Exercise Electrocardiogram (ECG) Stress Test

    A test that measures how the heart is affected by physical activity.

    F

    Fasting sugar

    Your blood sugar level when you haven’t eaten or had liquids for at least 8 hours. This is used in diabetes testing as these levels provide clues as to how your body is managing blood sugar.

    Fat

    One of the main food nutrients and the one with the highest calorie content. Fat is found in meats and fish, some dairy foods, nuts and some vegetables like avocados. There are different types of fat.

    Learn more about fats.

    Fibre

    The part of a food that the body cannot digest. A high fibre diet may help to delay or prevent some diseases. Whole grain foods, vegetables, fruits and nuts are all high-fibre foods.

    Learn more about fibre. [/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont2′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]

     G

    Gestational Diabetes

    A form of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and usually disappears after childbirth. However, women with gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later.

    Learn more about gestational diabetes.

    Gingivitis

    A condition of the gums that can lead to gum disease. Inflammation and bleeding may be present.  Gingivitis is more common in people with diabetes.

    Glaucoma

    An eye condition in which pressure builds up in the eyeball. It may lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss.

    GLP-1 Agonist

    Medications like semaglutide (Ozempic®, Wegovy®) and tirzepatide (Mounjaro®) stimulate insulin release and slow gastric emptying, helping to lower blood sugar levels. These drugs may also be recommended for weight management due to their effectiveness in promoting weight loss.

    Glucagon

    A hormone that raises blood glucose levels. It can be injected during episodes of severe hypoglycemia (low blood glucose), especially in emergencies when someone is unconscious.

    Learn more about glucagon.

    Glucose Sensor

    A glucose sensor is a small device that is inserted under your skin, usually on your stomach or arm. It measures your blood sugar levels every few minutes and keeps track of them over time. This information is then sent to a handheld receiver or insulin pump.

    Learn more about glucose sensors.

    Glycemic Index

    A ranking of foods that contain carbohydrates, based upon the speed with which they affect blood glucose levels compared to a standard food reference.

    Learn more about the glycemic index.

    H

    HDL Cholesterol

    HDL stands for high density lipoprotein cholesterol. It is a fat found in the blood and is often called the ‘good’ cholesterol because it takes harmful excess cholesterol to the liver for removal from the body.

    Hypercholesterolemia

    Higher than average cholesterol levels in the blood.

    Hypertension

    High blood pressure

    Hyperinsulinemia

    A condition where the body over produces insulin, leading to blood insulin levels that are higher than normal. This is commonly found in people with insulin resistance.

    Hyperglycemia

    A condition of elevated blood glucose levels. If left untreated, hyperglycemia can lead to serious complications like diabetic ketoacidosis.

    Learn more about hyperglycemia.

    Hypoglycemia

    A condition where blood glucose levels drop below normal, typically below 4 mmol/L. Symptoms include dizziness, sweating, confusion, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness. Glucagon may be used in extreme cases of hypoglycemia.

    Learn more about hypoglycemia.

     I

    Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG)

    A term used when a test taken after an 8 to 12-hour fast shows blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. A person with this condition may be diagnosed with prediabetes.

    Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT)

    A condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes. Also known as prediabetes.

    Injection Site Rotation

    Changing the exact spot where insulin is injected to avoid lipohypertrophy.

    Insulin

    A hormone produced by the pancreas that allows glucose to enter cells, where it is used for energy. People with type 1 diabetes and some with type 2 diabetes require insulin injections or insulin pumps to manage their blood sugar.

    Insulin Pen

    A pen-sized injection device that holds insulin cartridges and can be used instead of a syringe to inject insulin.

    Insulin Pump

    A small battery-operated device that delivers a continuous supply of insulin through a needle inserted under the skin.

    Insulin Resistance

    The body’s inability to efficiently use the insulin it produces.

    J

    Juvenile Diabetes

    Juvenile Diabetes or Juvenile-onset Diabetes used to be the term used for type 1 diabetes. It is no longer used since adults are also sometimes diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and many children are developing type 2 diabetes.

    K

    Ketones

    A chemical produced when the body breaks down body fat to use as energy, in reaction to a shortage of insulin.

    Learn more about ketones.

    L

    Lancet

    A sharp, pointed instrument used for pricking the finger during blood glucose monitoring.

    Lipohypertrophy

    A thickened, often hard area that develops at injection sites due to repeated use of the same site

    Learn more about lipohypertrophy.

    LDL Cholesterol

    Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. A fat found in the blood that transports cholesterol around the body for use by cells. It also deposits the cholesterol on artery walls. It is sometimes known as the ‘bad’ cholesterol, because higher than normal levels of LDL cholesterol can contribute to heart disease. Good cholesterol control is essential for diabetes management.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont3′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]

    M

    Macular Edema

    Swelling of the macula, which is the area near the retina in the centre of the eye that is used for reading and seeing fine details.

    Learn about the connection between diabetes and macular edema.

    Metabolic syndrome

    A combination of medical disorders—high blood pressure, high blood sugar, unhealthy cholesterol levels and excess abdominal fat—that have been linked to diabetes and heart disease.

    Learn more about metabolic syndrome.

    mg/dL

    milligrams per deciliter, which is the way that blood glucose is measured in the U.S. In Canada, the unit used is mmol/L. To convert mg/dL to mmol/L, divide by 18.

    mmol/L

    Stands for millimoles per litre, which is the way that blood glucose is measured in Canada. To convert mmol/L to the U.S. mg/dL measurement unit, multiply by 18.

    Monounsaturated Fat

    Healthy fats found in foods like avocados and nuts, and in oils like olive oil, grape seed oil and canola oil.

    N

    Nephropathy

    A type of kidney disease that can develop in diabetes when your blood sugar levels remain too high for too long. The best way to prevent or delay this condition is to manage your diabetes properly and maintain a healthy lifestyle.

    Learn more about diabetic nephropathy.

    Nephrologist

    A doctor who specializes in kidney conditions.

    Neuropathy

    A type of nerve damage that can occur when your blood sugar levels get too high. It typically affects the nerves in the feet and legs and can cause numbness among other symptoms.

    Learn more about diabetic neuropathy.

    Neurologist

    A doctor who specializes in nervous system conditions.

    Nocturnal Hypoglycemia

    Low blood glucose levels during the night, often during sleep.

    Normoglycemia

    Normal blood glucose levels.

    O

    Omega-3 Fat

    A healthy polyunsaturated fat found in oily fish and in some seeds and nuts. A diet rich in omega-3 fats may help reduce the risk of heart disease by improving cholesterol levels.

    Learn more about omega-3 fats.

    Ophthalmologist

    A doctor who specializes in eye conditions.

    Optometrist

    A health professional who examines the eyes to detect eye problems and prescribe glasses or other vision aids.

    Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

    A test taken after an overnight fast to determine blood glucose levels. A blood sample is taken, after which the person with suspected prediabetes or diabetes drinks a high-glucose beverage. Blood samples are then taken at two and three hours after taking the beverage.

    P

    Pancreas

    The organ in the body that produces insulin and glucagon. It also creates enzymes for digestion.

    Pancreas Transplantation

    Surgical replacement of the pancreas of a person with diabetes with a healthy pancreas from a donor.

    Podiatrist

    A healthcare professional who specializes in conditions of the feet.

    Polyunsaturated Fats

    Healthy fats found in oily fish, fish oil, seafood, grains, and soybeans.

    Post-prandial

    Following meals.

    Prediabetes

    A condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not sufficiently high for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. People with prediabetes are at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes, so a healthy living routine is important, together with careful monitoring.

    Learn more about prediabetes.

    Pre-prandial

    Before meals.

     R

    Retinopathy 

    An eye condition that occurs due to damage to the blood vessels in the retina. It is a leading cause of blindness in people with diabetes, but early detection and treatment can slow progression.

    Learn more about diabetic retinopathy.

    Resistance Exercise

    A form of exercise such as weight-lifting that strengthens muscles. It is recommended for all people with diabetes.

    Learn more about resistance exercise.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont4′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]

    Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) 

    Blood checking by the patient or a caregiver using a blood glucose meter to monitor their blood glucose levels.

    Learn more about checking blood sugar levels.

    Saturated Fats

    Unhealthy fats found in foods like butter, dairy foods, lard, and coconut milk. A diet high in saturated fats can increase the risk of heart disease.

    SGLT-2 Inhibitor

    Medications such as canagliflozin (Invokana®), dapagliflozin (Forxiga®), empagliflozin (Jardiance®) that blocks reabsorption of glucose in the kidney, which increases excretion of glucose in the urine and lowers blood glucose levels.

    Sodium

    The key component of salt. High sodium diets can contribute to high blood pressure and increase the risk of heart disease.

    Statins

    Medications prescribed to reduce ‘bad’ LDL-cholesterol levels.

    T

    Time in Range (TIR):

    TIR is a metric used alongside A1C to evaluate diabetes management over a longer period of time. It refers to the percentage of time a person’s blood glucose stays within a target range. Guidelines recommend that the TIR for most adults with diabetes is 70%. The goal is to increase TIR and reduce fluctuations in blood sugar levels.

    Learn more about time in range.

    Total Cholesterol

    The combined total of all types of cholesterol in the blood.

    Trans fats

    Trans fats lower ‘good’ HDL cholesterol levels and raise ‘bad’ LDL cholesterol levels, which can increase the risk of heart disease. Trans fats occur naturally in small amounts in some foods but are mainly found as an added ingredient in fast-foods and other highly processed foods. It is recommended that these fats be avoided in a healthy eating plan.

    Tryglyceride

    Found in animal fats and vegetable oil. High tryglyceride levels in the body can raise the risk of heart disease.

    Type 1 Diabetes

    Type 1 diabetes usually first occurs between childhood and adolescence, although it can appear at any age. In this form of diabetes, the pancreas stops producing insulin so the glucose cannot get into the cells to do its job as the body’s fuel.

    Learn more about type 1 diabetes.

    Type 1.5 Diabetes

    Also known as Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA), this type of diabetes is a slow-onset form of autoimmune diabetes that shares features of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It typically develops in adults and often requires insulin treatment over time, as the body gradually loses its ability to produce insulin.

    Learn more about type 1.5 diabetes

    Type 2 Diabetes

    This is the most common form of diabetes and affects millions of Canadians. Onset is usually after the age of 40, although it can occur in younger people. In type 2 diabetes, the body either produces insufficient insulin or is unable to use it effectively.

    Learn more about type 2 diabetes.

    U

    Ulcer

    A deep open sore or break in the skin. People with diabetes may get ulcers on the bottom of their feet.

    V

    Vascular Disease

    Disease of the blood vessels.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row]

  • Insulin resistance: what it is and how to prevent it

    Insulin resistance: what it is and how to prevent it

    [vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]Normally, the insulin in your body allows your cells to convert blood sugar into energy. But when you have insulin resistance, your cells aren’t responding properly, which causes blood sugar levels to rise. Here’s a look at the signs of insulin resistance, as well as the ways you can help prevent it from becoming a concern in your life.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont1′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]

    What causes insulin resistance?

    Researchers are still trying to determine exactly what causes insulin resistance in the first place. What we do know for sure, is that insulin resistance initially causes the pancreas to secrete more insulin to keep blood sugar levels in check. But eventually the pancreas can no longer keep up with the excess insulin production and the blood sugar rises. The consistently higher blood sugar levels eventually progress to become what is known as ‘prediabetes’.

    Does insulin resistance cause diabetes?

    Yes, as mentioned above, the consistently higher blood sugar levels caused by insulin resistance can lead to prediabetes. Prediabetes is a condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but haven’t reached the level required for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Left untreated, prediabetes will progress into type 2 diabetes.

    Learn more about prediabetes here.  [/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont2′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]

    What are the signs of insulin resistance?

    Since you won’t be able to feel insulin resistance until diabetes occurs, you’ll likely need to do some blood tests to figure out if you have this issue. Contributing factors to insulin resistance to keep an eye on include:

    • Blood pressure readings of 130/80 and higher
    • A fasting glucose level of more than 5.5 mmol/L
    • When your waistline is more than 40 inches (for males) and 35 inches (for women)
    • Skin tags and patches of dark, velvety skin (acanthosis nigricans)

    Other risk factors for insulin resistance and prediabetes include age, being overweight, a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, sleep issues and a family history of diabetes.[/vc_column_text][read-also-article article-slug=”how-to-lower-your-risk-of-developing-diabetes”][vc_column_text css=””]

    How is insulin resistance diagnosed?

    A healthcare provider will check for insulin resistance by doing one or more blood tests, including an A1C test, fasting blood-sugar test and random blood sugar test. Here’s more information on these types of blood sugar tests and what they mean.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text][ad-slot slotcode=’div-gpt-ad-lb-resp-cont3′][/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text css=””]

    What are the long-term complications?

    When insulin resistance is left unmanaged, it can lead to a host of health complications, such as metabolic syndrome. This is a cluster of conditions including high blood sugar, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and excess abdominal fat. If you have metabolic syndrome, you’re also a lot more likely to develop type 2 diabetes, which is linked to further complications. Find more on metabolic syndrome and diabetes here.

    Can you prevent or reverse insulin resistance?

    Fortunately, there are plenty of things you can do to help reverse insulin resistance or prevent it from happening in the first place.

    • Make exercise a priority in your life. Do at least 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity (e.g, brisk walking), five days a week.
    • Maintain a healthy weight
    • Eat a healthy diet that includes plenty of vegetables, proteins and whole grains
    • If needed, take prescribed medications to keep your blood sugar in check

    Insulin resistance is a serious condition and left untreated it can lead to a host of other issues, including type 2 diabetes. That’s why it’s important to know your risk factors and see a healthcare provider if you have any concerns so you can get a proper diagnosis.

    The good news is, with the help of a good diet and healthy lifestyle, you can get a handle on insulin resistance before it can do any long-term damage.[/vc_column_text][read-also-article article-slug=”diabetes-prevention-exercise-program”][/vc_column][/vc_row]